Mmarakeng oa lefatše lohle, ho ka lebelloa karohano ea ts'ebetso - lekaleng la lipeipi le taolo, sena ke sehlooho sa bohlokoa.Ehlile, ts'ebetso ea karolo e nyane ha e fapane feela ka jeokrafi le karolo ea 'maraka empa hape le botebo ba metsi, thepa ea kaho le maemo a tikoloho.Mohlala oa mantlha oa matla ana a bonts'oa ke maemo a fapaneng a kholo ea mebaraka e lebelletsoeng ke sebaka sa tikoloho.Ehlile, le ha limmaraka tsa khale tsa metsi a sa tebang tsa Leoatle le ka Leboea le Kou ea Mexico (GoM) li ntse li fokotseha butle, libaka tsa Asia Boroa-bochabela, Brazil le Afrika li ntse li eketseha.Leha ho le joalo, potoloho ea nako e khuts'oane e boetse e lebelletsoe ho paka kholo e kholo makaleng a moeli oa metsi a tebileng a Norway, UK West of Shetland le Lower Tertiary Trend e Gulf of Mexico, ka ts'ebetso e tebileng, e thata le e hole ea ho khanna metsi. libaka tsena.Tlhahlobisong ena, Luke Davis le Gregory Brown ba Infield Systems ba tlaleha ka boemo ba hona joale ba limmaraka tsa liphaephe le li-control line le seo bashebelli ba indasteri ba ka se lebellang bakeng sa potoloho ea maraka ea nakoana.
Pono ea 'Maraka
Lilemong tse hlano tse tlang Infield Systems e bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea liphaephe le lithapo tsa taolo ho haufi le letšoao la $270bn, e lekanang le hoo e ka bang 80,000km ea mela eo 56,000km e tla ba liphaephe le 24,000km e tla ba likhoele tsa taolo.Ka kopanelo mafapha ana a mabeli a lebelletsoe ho bona kholo e phahameng kamora ho theoha ho hoholo lipakeng tsa maemo a holimo a mathoasong a 2008 le a tlase a 2009 le 2010. Leha ho le joalo, ho sa tsotelehe tebello ena e akaretsang ea kholo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela phapang e kholo ea libaka. ts'ebetso ha limmaraka tse ntseng li hlaha li qala ho feta mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso.
Leha litšenyehelo tsa lichelete libakeng tse ntseng li holile ho feta li lebelletsoe ho nyoloha nakong e tlang, kholo ea nako e telele e nyane ha e shejoa hammoho le mebaraka e meng e ntseng e hola.Ehlile, liketsahalo tsa morao-rao Amerika Leboea, ho kenyeletsoa ho oa ha mathata a lichelete, tlokotsi ea Macondo le tlholisano ea khase ea shale ea lebopong, li kopane ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea E&A ea metsi a sa tebang mme kahoo ho kengoa sethala le lipeipi sebakeng seo.Setšoantšo se ts'oanang se hlahile UK North Sea - leha 'maraka o monyebe mona o susumetsoa haholo ke liphetoho tsamaisong ea lichelete ea sebaka seo le mathata a ho fumana mokoloto - boemo bo mpefalitsoeng ke bothata bo boholo ba mekoloto ea Eurozone.
Leha ho le joalo, ha libaka tsena tse peli tse sa tebang li ntse li thekesela, Infield Systems e lebelletse kholo e kholo mebarakeng e hlahang ea North Western Australia, East Africa le likarolo tsa Asia (ho kenyeletsoa le ts'ebetso ea metsi a tebileng Leoatleng la China Boroa le likoung tsa Krishna-Godavari ho tloha India) bahale ba metsi a tebileng ba Afrika Bophirima, Kou ea Mexico le Brazil li lokela ho tsoela pele ho fana ka matla a nako e telele bakeng sa mmaraka.
Lithaba tse tsamaeang - kholo ea li-trunk-lines
Le ha mokhoa oa ho kenya metsi a tebileng a ntseng a eketseha, 'me mehala e amanang le SURF, e ntse e tsoela pele ho hapa tlhokomelo ea indasteri, ho lebeletsoe hore ho kenngoe metsi a sa tebang ho boloka karolo e kholo ea mmaraka bakeng sa bokamoso bo lebelletsoeng.Ehlile, hoo e ka bang karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ea tšebeliso ea chelete e tla lebisoa ho nts'etsopele e ka tlase ho limithara tse 500 tsa metsi nakong ea 2015. Ka hona, ho kenya lipeipi tse tloaelehileng ho tla etsa karolo e kholo ea tlhoko e tsoelang pele - karolo e kholo. eo ho nahanoang hore e tla susumetsoa ke nts'etsopele ea metsi a sa tebang lebopong la Asia.
Lithapo tsa metsi a sa tebang le likhoele tsa thomello e tla ba karolo ea bohlokoa 'marakeng oa liphaephe tse pharalletseng nakong ea lilemo tse hlano tse tlang kaha karoloana ena e lebeletsoe ho bonts'a kholo e matla ka ho fetisisa.Ts'ebetso kahare ho lekala lena esale e khannoa ke khatello ho mebuso ea naha le balaoli ba libaka ho matlafatsa ts'ireletso ea matla ka ho fana ka phepelo e fapaneng ea hydrocarbon.Marang-rang ana a maholo a lipeipi hangata a itšetlehile haholo ka likamano tsa machaba le maemo a moruo o moholo, 'me ka hona a ka ba le tieho le ho hlahlojoa bocha ha ho bapisoa le karolo efe kapa efe ea mmaraka.
Europe e na le karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea karolo ea 'maraka oa kantle ho naha le karolo ea trunk line ea 42% ea kakaretso ea lik'hilomithara tse kentsoeng lefats'eng ka bophara le 38% ea tšebeliso ea chelete ho fihlela 2015. Ka merero e mengata e phahameng le e rarahaneng mekhahlelong ea moralo le kaho, haholo-holo Nord. Ts'ebeliso ea chelete e kholo ea Europe le thepa ea kantle ho naha e lebelletsoe ho fihla ho US$21,000m nakong ea 2011-2015.
E phatlalalitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele ka 2001, morero oa Nord Stream o hokahanya Vyborg Russia le Greifswald Jeremane.Tsela ke phaephe e telele ka ho fetisisa ea leoatle e ka tlas'a leoatle lefatšeng ka bolelele ba 1,224km.Morero oa Nord Stream o kenyelelitse letoto le rarahaneng la likonteraka tse kenyeletsang Royal Boskalis Westminster, Tideway, Sumitomo, Saipem, Allseas, Technip le Snamprogetti har'a ba bang ba sebeletsang khonsortium e kenyeletsang Gazprom, GDF Suez, Wintershall, Gasunie le E.ON Ruhrgas.Ka November 2011 ho ile ha phatlalatsoa ke consortium hore ea pele ho mela e 'meli e ne e amana le marang-rang a khase ea Europe.Ha e phetheloa, projeke e kholo ea lipeipi tse peli e lebelletsoe ho fana ka 'maraka oa Europe o lapetseng matla ka 55 BCM ea khase (e lekanang le 18% ea tšebeliso ea 2010 leboea-bophirima ho Europe) ka selemo lilemong tse 50 tse tlang.Nord Stream ka thoko, matsete 'marakeng oa kutu le thepa ea kantle le ona a lebelletsoe ho eketseha haholo ho pholletsa le Asia, ho nyoloha ho tloha ho US$4,000m nakong ea nalane ea 2006-2010 ho isa ho US$6,800m ho ea pele ho 2015. li bontša kholo e lebelletsoeng ea tlhokahalo ea matla ho pholletsa le Asia.
Nord Stream e akaretsa mathata a tsamaiso, lipolotiki le boenjiniere tse amanang le nts'etsopele e kholo ea li-trunk line.Ka 'nete, ka ntle ho mathata a tekheniki a amanang le liphaephe tse peli tsa 1,224km, mokhatlo oa nts'etsopele o ne o filoe mosebetsi oa ho laola liphello tsa lipolotiki tsa ho tsamaisa moeli ho pholletsa le libaka tsa Russia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark le Jeremane hammoho le ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa linaha tse amehileng tsa Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia le Poland.Ho ile ha nka lilemo tse ka bang robong hore morero ona o fumane tumello ’me qetellong ha o amoheloa ka February 2010, mosebetsi o ile oa qala ka potlako ka April selemong sona seo.Nord Stream pipelay e tlameha ho phethoa ka Q3 2012 ha ho etsoa ha mohala oa bobeli ho felisa e 'ngoe ea lipale tse tšoarellang ho nts'etsopele ea meralo ea thepa ea kantle ho naha.Phaephe ea Trans ASEAN ke projeke e ka bang teng ea teraka e neng e tla feta Asia, ka hona, e atolose phepelo e ngata ea hydrocarbon ea Asia Boroa-bochabela ho ea libakeng tse nang le lisebelisoa tse fokolang.
Leha boemo bona bo phahameng ba ts'ebetso bo khothatsa, ha se mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa nako e telele - empa ke sesupo sa potoloho ena 'marakeng.Ka ntle ho kholo ea nako e haufi ea ts'ebetso ea Europe Bochabela Infield Systems e hlokomela tlhoko e nyane ka mor'a 2018 kaha lintlafatso tsena li le ngata haholo ho tsoa mererong mme hang ha li se li le teng Infield Systems e bona ts'ebetso ea nako e tlang e tsamaisoa ke likhoele-ho fapana le mela e meng e meholo ea kantle ho naha. .
Ho palama SURF - Mokhoa oa nako e telele
E tsamaisoa ke tlhahiso e phaphametseng le thekenoloji ea maoatle 'maraka oa metsi a tebileng a lefats'e mohlomong ke karolo e holang ka potlako indastering ea oli le khase e kantle ho naha.Ehlile, ka libaka tse ngata tsa lebopong le metsi a sa tebang tse shebaneng le ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso le li-NOC tse laolang libaka tse ruileng tse nang le mehloli e mengata joalo ka Middle East, basebelisi ba ntse ba batla ho hlahloba le ho nts'etsapele libaka tsa polokelo libakeng tse moeling.Sena ha se etsahale feela libakeng tse tharo tse tebileng tsa metsi a "boima" - GoM, Afrika Bophirimela le Brazil - empa hape le Asia, Australasia le Europe.
Bakeng sa mmaraka oa SURF mokhoa o hlakileng le o ikhethileng o lebisang tšebetsong e ntseng e eketseha ea metsi a tebileng a E&P e lokela ho fetolela kholo e kholo ea mmaraka lilemong tse leshome tse latelang le ho feta.Ehlile, Infield Systems e bolela esale pele kholo e matla ka 2012 ha li-IOC li ntse li tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele mehloli ea tsona e tebileng ea metsi a tebileng Afrika Bophirima le US GoM ha Petrobras e ntse e hatela pele ka nts'etsopele ea eona ea libaka tsa polokelo ea letsoai pele ho Brazil.
Joalo ka ha setšoantšo sa 3 se bontša ka tlase, ho na le polarization ts'ebetsong ea mmaraka lipakeng tsa mebaraka e sa tebang le e tebileng ea metsi a SURF.Ehlile, leha mmaraka oa metsi o sa tebang o lebelletsoe ho bonts'a kholo e itekanetseng nakong e haufi - mokhoa oa nako e telele ha o ntle hakaalo.Leha ho le joalo, botebong ba metsi, ts'ebetso e matla haholo kaha chelete eohle ea chelete e lebelletsoeng ho eketseha ka 56% lipakeng tsa linako tsa 2006-2010 le 2011-2015.
Le ha nts'etsopele ea metsi a tebileng e bile enjine e kholo ea kholo bakeng sa mmaraka oa SURF lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea libaka tse hole tsa oli le khase e tla fana ka mafura a eketsehileng mollong.Haholo-holo, li-tiebacks tsa libaka tse telele tse ka tlas'a maoatle li fetoha boemo bo tloaelehileng ba nts'etsopele ea masimo ha mosebetsi oa R&D o etsoa ke basebetsi le borakonteraka ba bona ba qala ho etsa hore merero ena e thata ea tekheniki e khonehe.Merero ea morao-rao ea boemo bo holimo e kenyelletsa nts'etsopele ea Statoil le Shell's Ormen Lange kantle ho Norway le projeke ea Total's Laggan kantle ho lebopo la UK ka Bophirima ba setereke sa Shetland.Ea pele ke sebaka se selelele ka ho fetesisa sa leoatle ho ea lebopong se ntseng se hlahisoa ha ea morao-rao e tla roba rekoto eo ebe e bula moeli oa Leoatle la Atlantic ho ntšetsa pele tšebetso ea E&P hang ha e laetsoe ka 2014.
Mohlala o mong oa bohlokoa oa mokhoa ona o ho nts'etsopele ea lebala le tebileng la Jansz le lebopong la Australia.Jansz ke karolo ea morero oa Greater Gorgon, oo ho ea ka Chevron e tla ba projeke e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lisebelisoa nalaneng ea Australia.Morero o kenyelletsa nts'etsopele ea masimo a 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa Gorgon le Jansz, ao ka kakaretso a nang le likhakanyo tsa polokelo ea 40 Tcf.Ho hakanngoa hore boleng ba morero ke US $ 43bn, 'me tlhahiso ea pele ea LNG e lebeletsoe ka 2014. Sebaka sa Greater Gorgon se pakeng tsa 130km le 200km ho tloha lebōpong la North West Australia.Mabala a tla hokela 70 km, 38 inch subsea pipeline le 180km 38 inch subsea pipeline ho ea setsing sa LNG Sehlekehlekeng sa Barrow.Ho tloha Sehlekehlekeng sa Barrow, phaephe ea lik'hilomithara tse 90 e tla hokahanya setsi le naha e kholo ea Australia.
Le ha lintlafatso tsa SURF tse kang tse libakeng tse thata ho feta tsa Leoatle le ka Leboea, Brazil, Afrika Bophirima, GoM, Asia le North West Australia li ntse li tsamaisa 'maraka kajeno, liphetho tse khothatsang tsa E&A Afrika Bochabela li lokela ho fana ka kholo e eketsehileng ho theosa le moeli.Ehlile, likatleho tsa morao-rao tsa lipatlisiso tse kang tsa Windjammer, Barquentine le Lagosta li tsamaisitse meqolo e sibollotsoeng ho feta moeli (10 Tcf) bakeng sa setsi sa LNG.Afrika Bochabela le Mozambique haholo-holo, hona joale e nkoa e le Australia ea hosane.Anadarko, ea sebetsang Windjammer, Barquentine le Lagosta o rera ho nts'etsapele libaka tsena tsa polokelo ka tsela ea lebopo la leoatle ho khutlela setsing sa LNG se lebopong la leoatle.Hona joale e kopantsoe ke ho sibolloa ha Eni ho Mamba South ho etsa hore projeke ea 22.5 Tcf e ka ba teng qetellong ea lilemo tse leshome.
Phaephe ea menyetla
Keketseho ea lipeipi, mohala oa taolo mme, 'maraka o pharalletseng o lebopong la leoatle nakong e tlang e kanna ea tšoauoa ka merero e tebileng, e matla le e hole.IOC, NOC le ho nka karolo ho ikemetseng ho kanna ha theha 'maraka o nonneng oa likonteraka bakeng sa borakonteraka ba ka sehloohong le balekane ba bona ba matsoalloa.Boemo bo matla joalo ba ts'ebetso bo kanna ba beha khatello e kholo khoebong ea phepelo ka nako e telele kaha takatso ea matsete ho tsoa ho barekisi e fetile mokoloto o hlokahalang ho tsetela linthong tsa mantlha tsa phepelo: lifeme tsa maqheka, likepe tsa ho kenya 'me mohlomong ka ho fetisisa. , baenjiniere ba lipeipi.
Le hoja morero ka kakaretso oa kholo e le sesupo se nepahetseng mabapi le tlhahiso ea lekeno la kamoso, maikutlo a joalo a tlameha ho kokobetsoa ke tšabo ea ketane ea phepelo e nang le bokhoni bo sa lekaneng ba ho laola keketseho e joalo.Ke tumelo ea Infield Systems ea hore ntle le phihlello ea mokoloto, ho se tsitse ha lipolotiki le ho ngola bocha melao e mabapi le bophelo bo botle le polokeho, ts'okelo e hlahelletseng kholong ea 'maraka ke khaello ea baenjiniere ba nang le boiphihlelo mosebetsing.
Bankakarolo ba indasteri ba lokela ho elellwa hore leha ho na le pale e kgahlisang ya kgolo, ketsahalo efe kapa efe ya kamoso mebarakeng ya dipeipi le taolo e itshetlehile hodima ketane ya phepelo ya boholo bo lekaneng le bokgoni e le ho tshehetsa letoto la diporojeke tse rerilweng ke basebetsi ba fapaneng.Ho sa tsotellehe tšabo ena 'maraka o lutse moeling oa potoloho e thabisang haholo.Joalo ka bashebelli ba indasteri ea Infield Systems ba tla shebella ka hloko likhoeling tse tlang ka tebello ea ntlafatso e kholo ea 'maraka ho tloha maemong a tlase a 2009 le 2010.
Nako ea poso: Apr-27-2022